The Triggering Factors Influencing Individual Entrepreneurs Commerce Essay

The Triggering Factors Influencing Individual Entrepreneurs Commerce Essay Research in entrepreneurship has introduced many aspects of how and why people make decisions in new venture creation (Shane, 2002). Entrepreneurs are often motivated by economic and/or psychological factors. Scholars have agreed that the entrepreneurial process and theories involve a complex set of variables that are beyond any single aspect. To identify motives and incentives of entrepreneurial activities involves disseminating several layers of relationships between personal factors, external forces and other random events (Liang and Dunn, 2007). From the existing literature we can rationally hypothesize that, the decision to launch a new venture probably includes individual endogenous factors and exogenous factors of the environment. Limited studies have discussed the possibility that individuals who are planning to become entrepreneur might have different triggers to launch new ventures compared to in-business (who are expanding the business) professionals. Triggers as defined by Liang and Dunn (2007) forces in the individuals or in the individuals perception of their situation that move them toward the entrepreneurial process. It is important to distinguish triggering factors and triggering events from triggers. Triggering events are more like something happened as an occasion or an episode that influence individuals assessment on the situation. Triggering factors could be interpreted as issues or features that influence individuals perspectives about certain situations (Liang and Dunn, 2007). Problem Statement Every day new ventures takes place and new business are created. The reasons behind new business entities come into existent are not explained in the literature with respect to Pakistan. Especially which factors triggers individual to become entrepreneur and which factors triggers individual who are already running the business to go further develop the business. Significance of the Study This study measures the triggers, which influences the professionals (who are planning to become and those who wants to expand their business) to become entrepreneurs. In addition to this we will also measure the relationship between the triggers and demographics of individuals. This study is of major interest to various government organizations like small and medium enterprises (SMEDA), non government organizations (NGO), policy makers of government and business to business organization (B2B). Implications of this research study will help them to identify the pattern of individuals, who wants to become entrepreneurs and which triggers them to think about starting new venture. Literature Review The purpose of the literature review is to outline the triggers identified by various researchers/authors and to analyze the dimensions in which different authors works on the entrepreneurs triggers. At a basic level, entrepreneurship is recognized as a highly personalized activity. The entrepreneur is motivated to create a venture, which reflects their vision and ambitions, and is prepared to review and reorganize their social environment to make it materialize (Morrison, 2000). Characteristics of entrepreneurs identified by various authors (Longenecker, Moore, Petty,2000; Scarborough Zimmerer, 2000; Bhide, 2000) are high achievement drive, action oriented, optimism, opportunistic, internal locus of control, tolerance for ambiguity, moderate risk taking, commitment/tenacity, commitment, initiative, independence or some form of one or more of these. These authors also determines motivation related to new venture formation, to enjoy what individuals are doing, revolves around the opportunity to gain control over personal lives/independence, to achieve personal goals and recognition, to get profits/financial rewards, and to make a difference/contribute to society. The key of the entrepreneurship process initiations depends within the individual of the society and the extent to which individuals wants to enter in new ventures and holds the spirit of enterprise (Morrison, 2000). McClelland, (1961) identified common characteristics and behaviors, Those which emerged relative to all the entrepreneurs are: they bring intelligence and sound analytical skills to bear on risk management; they are all in some respect deviants from the social norms within their countries; to differing degrees they exhibit strong moral, work and business ethics; irrespective of industry sector a strong traders instinct is apparent; they are committed to life-long learning through both formal and informal mechanisms; and extensive use is made of both informal and formal networks. Morrison et al., (1998) proposed that the entrepreneurship is initiated by the personal, society and culture intuition. Entrepreneurship is not only initiated by the economic aspects but it involves material, immaterial and idealism functions. The fundamental nature of the entrepreneurship is the use of innovatory process and the risk bearing by the individual, through which individual wants to bring change in both a social and economic nature of his own and the society. Kirzner (1979) believes that the source of entrepreneurship within the human spirit flourish when there is uncertainty and competition. This enterprising spirit in terms of inspirational means is described by Gilder (1971, p 258). The spirit of enterprise wells up from the wisdom of ages and the history (of the west) and infuses the most modern of technological adventures. It joins the old and new frontiers. It asserts a firm hierarchy of values and demands ad hard discipline. It requires a life of labor and listening, aspiration and courage. But it is the source of all we are and can become, the saving grace of democratic politics and free men, the hope of the poor and the obligation of the fortunate, the redemption of an oppressed and desperate world. Longenecker, Moore, Pettit, Palich (2006) suggested that entrepreneurs wanted to make money, become their own boss, escape a bad situation, enjoy and satisfying life, and contribute to the community. Bygrave (1989) discussed entrepreneurship as a process that involved triggering event, innovation, implementation, and growth. In the triggering event stage he suggested that there were sociological, personal, and environmental factors that led to entrepreneurship. Again, both internal and external forces seemed to be at play. Culture is an important variable in entrepreneurship because it establishes the attitudes of individuals towards the commencement of entrepreneurship (Vernon-Wortzel and Wortzel, 1997). Every era produces its own models of entrepreneurship according to its specific needs of the host society; however, it has been described consistently using terms such as innovative, holistic, risk-taking and co-coordinating ways of behavior. Certain cultural institutions may facilitate, or hinder, entry into entrepreneurship. Thus, it is proposed that the culture of societies and the characteristics of people living in these societies, impacted by certain innate personality traits, will influence the degree to which entrepreneurship is initiated (Morrison, 2000). The above provided argument by the Morrison, (2000) is supported by the  Bateman (1997), those economies and regions which have flourished in the late 20th century, have in common a business culture, which can be broadly described as entrepreneurial. It is attuned to the needs of a changing market economy and receptive to changing demands, innovations, products, opportunities and technologies. Entrepreneurship has been found to be important and meaningful in society at points of transition, for example, traditional to modern, modern to post-modern and state-controlled economies to free-market. At each of these points, entrepreneurship is harnessed by societies as a common approach to solving dilemmas, to break old, stable and hierarchical traditions and institutions and to introduce new, innovative ways of behavior. Thus, it is suggested that entrepreneurship can be regarded as an instrument for changing the culture of an era (Morrison, 2000) According to Timmons (1994, p. 9) about entrepreneurial behavior is, what is needed is a favorable environment which combines social, political and educational attributes. In particular it requires: A culture that prizes entrepreneurship, an imperative to educate our population so that our entrepreneurial potential is second to none; and a government that generously supports pure and applied science, fosters entrepreneurship with enlightened policies, and enables schools to produce the best educated students in the world. Dollinger (1995) discussed what he characterized as the impetus for entrepreneurship. He discussed the Sociological Approach which focused on four factors that led entrepreneurs toward new venture creation. Negative displacement was where individuals were marginalized from society, because of who they were or their situation including being fired or not satisfied with their current employment or divorced. Between things included individuals between stages of their life. Positive pull included other people (potential collaborators, parents, customers) who provided an impetus to entrepreneurship. Positive push included entrepreneurs who, because of their education or situation, were pushed toward entrepreneurship. Individual factors or a combination of any of these factors could move the entrepreneur toward new venture creation. The manner, in which the young are conditioned from an early age through the formal education system, and the fact that dominant approaches are frequently reinforced within family life, plays a significant role in the initiation of characteristics generally associated with entrepreneurial behavior (Gibb, 1996). It has been identified that a characteristic of entrepreneurship is that it tends to pervade family life, with the entrepreneur being unable to divorce business from social living (Deakin, 1996). In this respect, family background plays a role in two ways. First, if an entrepreneur has previous experience of the effect of entrepreneurship from a family member they are more prepared for the consequences of their own activities. Second, family support of entrepreneurship can make a positive contribution to its sustenance. For all the entrepreneurs represented in the study, positive immediate family support for their entrepreneurial behavior had played an important part in its sustenance. What was also identified as of significance was the role of the extended family in enabling access to funds and markets to support individual entrepreneurs in the creation and development of their businesses Within some societies there is a practice of saving for the future, while within others the focus is on living and spending to enjoy the moment. This has an implication for the amount of personal funds that may be available for investment in business. The dominant cultural attitudes, values and beliefs of a population at one particular point of time will result in a particular common mind-set relative to the degree to which entrepreneurship is supported by society (Gilder, 1971). The entrepreneur in terms of who he/she is and what he/she does, which has often resulted in characterizing persons who might be more likely to become entrepreneurs than others (Rerup, 2005). To date, scholars suggest three broad types of entrepreneurs, namely (a) Nascent, (b) Novice, and (c) Habitual entrepreneurs (see e.g. Birley and Westhead, 1993; Kolvereid and Bullvà ¥g 1993; Wright 1997; Westhead and Wright, 1998). The (a) nascent entrepreneur has not yet engaged in an entrepreneurial venture but has a general aspiration of establishing a business. The (b) novice entrepreneur has established one venture but does not have any prior entrepreneurial experience (Westhead et al. 1998). Lastly, the (c) habitual entrepreneur has established at least one other business prior to the current venture, hence possesses prior entrepreneurial experience. At some point, all entrepreneurs are nascent and then novice. Hall (1995) who divides habitual entrepreneurs into four sub-types; namely serial entrepreneurs, portfolio entrepreneurs, serial inheritors or serial management buy-outs (MBOs) /management buy-ins (MBIs), and multiple corporate entrepreneurs. Serial and portfolio entrepreneurs have repeatedly engaged in the creation of new ventures Serial entrepreneurs exit (close or sell) their current business before establishing a subsequent venture, whereas portfolio entrepreneurs keep ownership in more than one business at a time; hence have ownership stakes in a portfolio of businesses. In contrast, serial corporate entrepreneurs (or intrapreneurs) are persons who create new combinations of resources or realize new business opportunities in existing companies. Both, inheritors or serial MBO/MBI entrepreneurs are not traditionally regarded as trueentrepreneurs because MBOs and MBIs do not create new businesses per se (Deakins and Freel, 2003). Objectives of the Study The main purpose of this study is to investigate theoretically and test empirically which triggering factors influence individuals to become entrepreneur or expand their existing business. Research Questions: To measure the research objectives following research questions have been developed: Does education of the person influence as triggering factor to become entrepreneur? Does experience of the person influence as trigger to become entrepreneur? Does idea generation quality of the person influence as triggering factor to become entrepreneur? Does financial strength triggers a person to become an entrepreneur? Does Inheritance of a person influence as triggering factor to become an entrepreneur? Research Hypotheses To answer the research questions formulated, we developed the research hypotheses, which are as follows: HA1: Education has a relationship with triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur. HA2: Experience has a relationship with triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur. HA3: Idea generation has a relationship with triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur. HA4: Financial Strength has a relationship with triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur. HA5: Inheritance has a relationship with triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur. To answer the first research question alternate hypothesis HA1 has been developed. To answer the second research question HA2 has been developed. Similarly research question no. third, fourth and fifth is answered by hypothesis HA3, HA4 and HA5 respectively. Conceptual Frame Work The conceptual frame work of this study is taken from the study of Liang and Dunn (2007). Dependent Variable Independent Variable Education Inheritance Education Trigger to Become Entrepreneur Financial Strength Inheritance Education Experience ( Idea Generation Inheritance Education Research Methodology Research Instrument A close ended structured questionnaire was developed to collect the data. The questionnaire consists of two parts. In the first part personal characteristics of the respondents and in the second part triggers are provided. All the variables of the questionnaire are taken from the study of Liang and Dunn (2007). First part of the questionnaire consists of the following variables gender, education level, age, marital status, type of business and years of experience of respondents. In the second part 42 entrepreneur triggers were mentioned and respondents were asked to indicate the importance of each trigger. Where 1 is taken as least important and 5 is taken as most important. Triggers were not presented in the groups so that an unbiased ranking can be obtained. Data Collection Data was collected from the entrepreneurs who are running their business of construction; wholesaler or they are involved in some kind of manufacturing activities. Data was collected from the entrepreneurs from the cities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi. All the responses were filled under the administration of the authors of the study. Sample Size The total sample size was 70 entrepreneurs from Islamabad and Rawalpindi. While collecting the data emphases were given on equal representation of both the cities. The characteristics of the respondents The characteristics of the respondents are as follows: Age of the respondents is shown in the figure no.1 below. We found that most of the respondents belong to age group of 50-60 years. Figure 1 Number of people employed in the respondents organization can be seen in the figure 2. Figure 2 The type of business in which respondents are can be seen in the figure 3. We found that most of the entrepreneurs belong to wholesale / distributing business. Figure 3 Working experience of the respondents can be seen in the figure 4. Figure 4 Results Discussion Data Analysis Techniques The data was analyzed using the softwares SPSS version 15 and Microsoft Excel 2007. Data was analyzed using the following tests. Cronbachs alpha for internal consistency. Correlation to check the relationships between the independent variable and dependent variable. Regression analysis to measure the effect of one independent variable on dependent variable. Cronbachs Alpha To check the internal reliability of the variables, Cronbachs Alpha was run. Correlation Analysis Correlation is a statistical tool which can determine the strength and direction of relationship between two variables. The value of correlation ranges from +1 to -1 and both these values show strong positive and negative relationships. While the value 0 show no relationship. Pearson correlation was run to check the relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variables. Complete results of the correlation analysis are shown in the table 5. Table No. 5 below suggests that all the variables are positively correlated to dependent variable Entrepreneurship. Figure 5 Correlations Education Experience Entrepreneurship Inheritance Idea Generation Financial Strength Education Pearson Correlation 1 .769(**) .717(**) .747(**) .576(**) .553(**) Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 N 70 70 70 70 70 70 Experience Pearson Correlation .769(**) 1 .741(**) .780(**) .612(**) .583(**) Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 N 70 70 70 70 70 70 Entrepreneurship Pearson Correlation .717(**) .741(**) 1 .680(**) .656(**) .479(**) Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 N 70 70 70 70 70 70 Inheritance Pearson Correlation .747(**) .780(**) .680(**) 1 .611(**) .518(**) Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 N 70 70 70 70 70 70 Idea Generation Pearson Correlation .576(**) .612(**) .656(**) .611(**) 1 .508(**) Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 N 70 70 70 70 70 70 Financial Strength Pearson Correlation .553(**) .583(**) .479(**) .518(**) .508(**) 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 N 70 70 70 70 70 70 ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed) The most correlated variable was experience which has Pearson correlation value of .769 and significance value of 0.000. It was followed by Inheritance with Pearson correlation value of .747 and significance value of 0.000. Idea Generation and Financial Strength comes third and fourth with Pearson value .576 sig. value of 0.000 and Pearson value of 0.553 and sig. value of 0.000 respectively. The relationship between all variables is significant at ÃŽÂ ± 0.01. All relationship shows a positive and moderate to strong relationships. Multiple Regression Analysis In order test the developed hypotheses and since we have more than one independent variable, so multiple regression analysis was run to check the relationship between variables. Variables Entered/Removed (b) Model Variables Entered Variables Removed Method 1 Inheritance, Financial Strength, Idea Generation, Education, Experience(a) . Enter a All requested variables entered. b Dependent Variable: Entrepreneurship Model Summary Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 .806(a) .650 .622 .41431 a Predictors: (Constant), Inheritance, Financial Strength, Idea Generation, Education, Experience ANOVA(b) Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regression 20.386 5 4.077 23.753 .000(a) Residual 10.986 64 .172 Total 31.371 69 a Predictors: (Constant), Inheritance, Financial Strength, Idea Generation, Education, Experience b Dependent Variable: Entrepreneurship Coefficients(a) Model Un-standardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t B Std. Error Beta B 1 (Constant) .404 .350 1.155 Education .268 .123 .276 2.175 Experience .296 .123 .331 2.402 Idea Generation .275 .101 .272 2.725 Financial Strength -.043 .098 -.042 -.437 Inheritance .060 .109 .071 .548 a Dependent Variable: Entrepreneurship Hypotheses Testing Hypothesis One: The hypothesis postulates that education has a relationship with triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur. Hypothesis developed is: HA1: Education has a relationship with triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur The results of multiple regression analysis to check the alternate hypothesis HA1 is as follows: We reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis as in the coefficients table of the regression analysis, value of t is 2.175 which is more than +2 thus making it a useful predictor and sig. value is 0.033 which is less than 0.05 (0.033 Hypothesis Two: This hypothesis postulates that the experience has a relationship with triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur. So, the hypothesis is developed as: HA2: Experience has a relationship with triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur The results of regression analysis to check the alternate hypothesis HA2 is as follows We reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis as in the coefficients table of the regression analysis, value of t is 2.402 which is more than +2 thus making it a useful predictor and sig. value is 0.019 which is less than 0.05 (0.019 Hypothesis Three: This hypothesis describes that the idea generation has a relationship with triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur. Hypothesis developed in this regard is: HA3: Idea generation has a relationship with triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur. The results of regression analysis to check the alternate hypothesis HA3 is as follows We reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis as in the coefficients table of the regression analysis, value of t is 2.725 which is more than +2 making it a useful predictor and sig. value of 0.008 which is less than 0.05 (0.008 Hypothesis Four Through this hypothesis, we are intended to check whether Financial strength has relationship with triggers to become a entrepreneurship. Hypothesis developed is: HA4: Financial Strength has a relationship with triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur. The results of regression analysis to check the alternate hypothesis HA4 is as follows We accept the null hypothesis and reject the alternative hypothesis as in the coefficients table of the regression analysis, value of t is -0.437 which is less than 2, making it not a useful predictor and sig. value of 0.663 which is greater than 0.05 (0.663>0.05). Beta coefficient is -ve, which also confirms our result. So, we reject alternative hypothesis and conclude that there is no relationship between Financial Strength and triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur. Hypothesis Five This hypothesis describes that Inheritance has a relationship with triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur. HA5: Inheritance has a relationship with triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur. The results of regression analysis to check the alternate hypothesis HA5 is as follows In the light of data analysis, we accept the null hypothesis and reject the alternative hypothesis as in the coefficients table of the regression analysis, sig. value is 0.585 which is greater than 0.05 (0.585>0.05). So, we reject alternative hypothesis and conclude that there is no relationship between inheritance and triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur. Overall our model is significant with F value of 23.753 and sig. value of 0.000. Adjusted R square is 0.622 which means 62.2% of the variance in the dependent variable is explained by the predictor variables. Summary and Conclusion Demographically, the pre business entrepreneurs are different from in business entrepreneurs. In business entrepreneurs were significantly more male, older, married, more experienced, had more education and were more likely going into wholesale or distribution businesses. The results of this study seem to show that there are significant differences in triggers between pre business and in business entrepreneurs. We found that majority of our entrepreneur respondents belong to age group of 50-60 it means they are older. Numbers of peoples employed however are younger and majority belongs to age group of 21-30. We also found that a lot of entrepreneurships are in wholesale / distribution business as compared to any other trade. It also means either these two trades have more profit margin or more business opportunities exists in these trades which attracts majority of entrepreneurships in these trades. Experience also plays a key role for business success. We found that majority of respondents have experience between 13-16 years of working as entrepreneur in their respective trades. We found that education has a relationship with triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur. We accepted our alternative hypothesis HA1 as analysis showed the value of t is 2.175 which is more than +2, and sig. value of 0.033 which is less than 0.05. So, we accept alternative hypothesis and conclude that education has a positive relationship with triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur. Our data analysis showed that experience also play a key role as influencing trigger to become entrepreneur. Our data analysis showed the value of t as 2.402 and sig. value of 0.019 which is significant. So, we accept alternative hypothesis HA2 and conclude that experience has a relationship with triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur. Idea generation also affects a person to become entrepreneur. Data analysis for alternative hypothesis HA3 showed there is that idea generation has a relationship with triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur as value of t is 2.725 and sig. value of 0.008 which is less than 0.05 (0.008 HA4 showed there is no relationship between Financial Strength and triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur. Literature also confirms the same. It means that to become an entrepreneur, financial strength and money matters a lot. Our data analysis showed the value of t as -0.437and p-value of 0.663 which is greater than 0.05 (0.663>0.05). Beta coefficient is -ve, which also confirms our result. So, on the basis of analysis we can conclude that there is no relationship between Financial Strength and triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur. Our data analysis rejects hypothesis HA5 regarding relationship between inheritance and triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur having p-value of 0.585 which is greater than 0.05 (0.585>0.05). So, we conclude that there is no relationship between inheritance and triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur. Among the personal triggers, pre business entrepreneurs were more likely to feel that they were not accomplishing what they could or realizing their potential, and were changing for more satisfying careers. Idea / Opportunity triggers are also important as influencing factors to become entrepreneur. Entrepreneurs were more likely to rank idea grew out of job, saw idea, pursued it, hobby grew into a business, and bought business higher than other entrepreneurs e.g. saw a customer need, or an opportunity, were among the most important triggers chosen entrepreneurs. Financial strength or financial

An Analysis of Poems 585 and 754 Essay -- 585 754

An Analysis of Poems 585 and 754 Emily Dickinson’s use of poetic diction in poems 585 and 754 brings to life two inanimate objects, a train and a gun, both of which perform actions that are useful to man. Though these items cannot act on their own, Dickinson’s diction provides them with their own movements, characteristics, and feelings. In poem 585, a train’s daily journey is given a meaning beyond that of a cold, iron machine when Dickinson describes its animal qualities to show its strength, stubbornness, and perseverance. In poem 754, a gun is portrayed as a protective, devoted servant. In both of these poems, Emily Dickinson uses diction to give a train and a gun characteristics of animals to explain their behavior and feelings and to show how man uses them to his advantage and to meet his goals. In poem 585, Dickinson’s diction reveals traits of hunger and determination. In the first stanza, "I like to see it lap the Miles--/And lick the Valleys up--/And stop to feed itself at tanks" (ll. 1-3) describes the train as an animal that runs hungrily over great distances, devouring the land as it goes along, stopping occasionally to eat more substantial food to survive and to continue. Though it is able to perform powerful feats of transportation, the train needs nourishment, just like humans and animals do. With the following lines, Dickinson shows the determination of the train to meet his goal: "And, supercilious, peer/In Shanties—by the sides of Roads—And then a quarry pare/To fit its ribs" (ll. 6-9). These lines also suggest a stubborn determination. Even if the train has to crawl and cut through hundreds of yards of solid rock, nothing will stop this metal animal, not even a huge mountain. The train can drive... ...Why would the master need protection? In both poems, Emily Dickinson uses diction to provide the reader the opportunity to see inanimate objects with some human qualities, first in a determined, powerful train and then in a devoted, non-feeling gun. Though these are inanimate objects, the reader can get a sense of the influences and contributions they give to man. The train made a great impact on travel by allowing him to cover great distances in shorter times. It appears that this iron horse could take man anywhere. In Dickinson’s time the power of trains was an amazement in itself. With the rifle, man has control of something quite powerful, something that can kill but cannot be killed. With her skillful and interesting word choice, Dickinson brings to light the amazing strength of one object, the train, and the fearful power of another, the gun. An Analysis of Poems 585 and 754 Essay -- 585 754 An Analysis of Poems 585 and 754 Emily Dickinson’s use of poetic diction in poems 585 and 754 brings to life two inanimate objects, a train and a gun, both of which perform actions that are useful to man. Though these items cannot act on their own, Dickinson’s diction provides them with their own movements, characteristics, and feelings. In poem 585, a train’s daily journey is given a meaning beyond that of a cold, iron machine when Dickinson describes its animal qualities to show its strength, stubbornness, and perseverance. In poem 754, a gun is portrayed as a protective, devoted servant. In both of these poems, Emily Dickinson uses diction to give a train and a gun characteristics of animals to explain their behavior and feelings and to show how man uses them to his advantage and to meet his goals. In poem 585, Dickinson’s diction reveals traits of hunger and determination. In the first stanza, "I like to see it lap the Miles--/And lick the Valleys up--/And stop to feed itself at tanks" (ll. 1-3) describes the train as an animal that runs hungrily over great distances, devouring the land as it goes along, stopping occasionally to eat more substantial food to survive and to continue. Though it is able to perform powerful feats of transportation, the train needs nourishment, just like humans and animals do. With the following lines, Dickinson shows the determination of the train to meet his goal: "And, supercilious, peer/In Shanties—by the sides of Roads—And then a quarry pare/To fit its ribs" (ll. 6-9). These lines also suggest a stubborn determination. Even if the train has to crawl and cut through hundreds of yards of solid rock, nothing will stop this metal animal, not even a huge mountain. The train can drive... ...Why would the master need protection? In both poems, Emily Dickinson uses diction to provide the reader the opportunity to see inanimate objects with some human qualities, first in a determined, powerful train and then in a devoted, non-feeling gun. Though these are inanimate objects, the reader can get a sense of the influences and contributions they give to man. The train made a great impact on travel by allowing him to cover great distances in shorter times. It appears that this iron horse could take man anywhere. In Dickinson’s time the power of trains was an amazement in itself. With the rifle, man has control of something quite powerful, something that can kill but cannot be killed. With her skillful and interesting word choice, Dickinson brings to light the amazing strength of one object, the train, and the fearful power of another, the gun.

Current Trends in Business Communication Essay

Business Communication Trends In business today, communication is very important. Communication holds the business together. With technology increasing in today’s business environment businesses are losing that one on one relationship with their customers. Technology is taking over where years ago the businesses had a face-to-face interaction with businesses. What will happen if these trends keep evolving will no one in business have anymore face-to-face conversations. In my business environment we must communicate all the time without communication, we could have a disaster. Everyone in the business environment needs to be involved in the communication they need to know what is going on, what we are doing wrong, and what our customers’ needs and wants are of their products. Therefore, being a detail planner I need to keep all the supervisors updated on what products we will be running, and what products will be going on backorder. Most of the time if a product is going on backorder I am normally waiting on purchased parts to come in house. I need to keep in touch and communicate with the purchasing agent to find out when they will be available for me to pack. Our purchased parts come in and depending on the part, some of them may have to be tested and they go on test I need to make sure that these parts are available at the time I need to run the job. Therefore, I need communicate with incoming so they put the parts on test as soon as they come in the building. I also need to communicate with the engineer to make sure that all the blueprints for the product and all tools needed are ready and available to run. In my type of business, I am communicating all the time with many people of the business. When communicating I use E- mail a lot to give everyone one a heads up on what I need to run the lot. When needing answers right away I use same time, which is similar to instant messenger so if the person is at their desk we can get an answer right away. This means of communication comes in handy so you do not hold up the production lines. Trends in Current and Previous Workplaces Since I have been at my job for 27 years, I guess I will have to go with the trends in my workplace. Since I have started at B. Braun in 1983, we did not have much of any technology we did all inventory by hand and by using, excel sheets. As years went by, we now have all our inventory system in SAP. SAP generates our orders all the way down to sub assemblies. This way each Master Planner knows when to schedule their order so the full product will be ready to ship by the due date. This technology has increased production about 80%. We also all have E-mail our own computers and are able to access SAP anytime of the day. Our systems are also connected in all our other plants such as Malaysia, Germany, and the Dominican Republic so we can converse with our major companies. We do not actually use a video cam with these companies but we definitely have phone conferences with them. Our Sales representatives still go out to the hospitals to show our products and talk to the doctors on sight. We also have training personnel that go on sight to train the doctors and nurses on the right way to use are products. Since I started at B. Braun, we have come a long way with Technology. We do not do physical inventory anymore we do things called cycle counts all through the year to make sure that our inventory is accurate. The other thing is every process that we are doing is now becoming automated we are using more machines for our processes to eliminate the people needed for the manufacturing floor. We still have many processes that are not automated but they are telling us that down the road they are expecting everything to be automated. Message types from these Trends I figure that eventually technology will take over the business there will be fewer workers and more machines to do the job of humans. Many people will be out of a job with technology taking over. There will also be less human contact with customers and customers will feel that the company does not care about their business and go elsewhere for their products. In business even though technology is one of the biggest things, we still need that face-to-face interaction with our customers. Businesses need that one on one relationship to keep them as customers. However, technology is good but only to a extent keeping that interaction with your customers helps to generate more sales. Word a mouth is the best advertising that a business can have and helps to improve your sales.

One of Few Who Are

One of Few Who Are One of Few Who Are One of Few Who Are By Maeve Maddox Each of the following quotations contains a grammatical error: 1. This process is one of several that is required to maintain nuclear SREBP1-c at very low levels –Yeshiva University website 2. A study designed by Drs. Liu and Clarke is one of several that is slated to be included in the pilot run. –Georgetown University website 3. Steve Wozniak Is One Of The Few People Who Has Met The Kimye Baby –Business Insider 4. Henry [Kissinger] is one of the few who has the trust of the keepers of the secrets. –William Safire The error is using a singular verb with a relative pronoun whose antecedent is plural. Explanations 1. The antecedent of that is not one, but several. â€Å"This process† is only one of several processes required to maintain the protein described: â€Å"several that are required.† 2. The antecedent of that is not one, but several. The pilot run will include several studies: â€Å"several that are slated.† 3. The antecedent of who is not one, but few: â€Å"one the few people who have met.† 4. The antecedent of who is not one, but few. â€Å"one of the few who have the trust of the keepers of the secrets.† Agreement errors are often the result of â€Å"the law of attraction†: the tendency to make a verb agree with the nearest noun or pronoun that precedes it. Here is an error created by the law of attraction: Incorrect: She is the only one of the board members who are in favor of more money for the arts. Correct : She is the only one of the board members who is in favor of more money for the arts. She is the antecedent of who. â€Å"She† is the only one in the group who holds that opinion. More often than not, agreement errors with â€Å"one of x† go unnoticed in speech. A perusal of many reputable sites will show that they often go unnoticed in writing as well. Professor Paul Brians (Common Errors in English Usage) acknowledges that the following sentence is incorrect according to formal grammar: â€Å"Pistachio is one of the few flavors that appeals to me.† But he feels that the only context in which one needs to worry about getting it right is when â€Å"taking a test on English grammar.† Otherwise, â€Å"sophisticated speakers† may trust to their native inner ear for what â€Å"sounds right.† The Chicago Manual of Style is more decisive, declaring that â€Å"A relative pronoun takes its number from its antecedent.† Chicago offers these examples of correct usage: [It is] one of the few countries that cultivate farm-raised fish as a staple. She is one of those people who are famous just for being famous. [BUT] He is the one among them who is trustworthy. Careful writers will pay attention to the difference. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Idioms About Legs, Feet, and Toes34 Writing Tips That Will Make You a Better WriterThe Difference Between "Un-" and "Dis-"

Conch Facts

Conch Facts A queen conch (Lobatus  gigas) is an invertebrate mollusk that produces what many people think of as the iconic seashell. This shell is often sold as a souvenir, and its said you can hear the sound of ocean waves if you put a conch (pronounced konk,) shell to your ear (although what youre actually hearing is your own pulse). Fast Facts: Conch Scientific Name: Lobatus gigasCommon Names: Queen conch, pink conchBasic Animal Group: InvertebrateSize: 6–12 inchesWeight: Up to 5 poundsLifespan: 30 yearsDiet:  HerbivoreHabitat: Off coastlines adjacent to the Caribbean SeaConservation Status: Not Evaluated Description Conchs are mollusks, marine snails that build elaborate shells as a home and a form of protection from predators. The shell of the queen conch or pink conch shell ranges in size from about six inches to 12 inches in length. It has between nine and 11 whorls on the protruding spire. In adults, the expanding lip points outward, rather than curving inward, and the last whorl has a strong spiral sculpture on its surface. Very rarely the conch may produce a pearl. The adult queen conch has a very heavy shell, with a brown horny organic exterior cover (called periostracum) and a bright pink interior.  The shell is strong, thick, and very attractive, and is used to make shell tools, as ballast, to form jewelry. It is often sold unmodified as a collectible and the animal is also fished and sold for its meat. Damocean/Getty Images Species There are over 60 species of sea snails, all of which have medium- to large-sized (14 inches) shells. In many species, the shell is elaborate and colorful. All conchs are in the Kingdom: Animalia, the Phylum: Mollusca, and the Class: Gastropoda. True conchs like the queen are gastropods in the family Strombidae. The general term conch is also applied to other taxonomic families, such as the Melongenidae, which include the melon and crown conchs. The queen conchs scientific name was Strombus gigas until 2008 when it was changed to Lobatus  gigas to reflect current taxonomy. Habitat and Distribution The conch species live in tropical waters throughout the world, including the Caribbean, West Indies, and the Mediterranean. They live in relatively shallow waters, including reef and seagrass habitats. Queen conchs live in several different habitat types in the Caribbean, along the Gulf coasts of Florida and Mexico, and in South America. At different depths and aquatic vegetation, their shells have different morphologies, different spine patterns, and various overall lengths and spire shape. The samba conch is the same species as the queen, but compared to a typical queen conch, the samba lives in a shallow environment, is much shorter and very thickly shelled with a darker periostracum layer. Diet and Behavior Conchs are herbivores that eat sea grass and algae as well as dead material. In turn, they are eaten by loggerhead sea turtles, horse conchs, and humans. A queen conch can grow to be over a foot long and can live for as long as 30 years- other species have been known to live to 40 or more. Queen conch diets, like most of the conchs in the family, are herbivorous. Larvae and juveniles feed mainly on algae and plankton, but as growing subadults, they develop a long snout that allows them to select and consume bigger pieces of algae, and as juveniles they feed on seagrass. Adult conchs wander for miles instead of staying in one place. Rather than swimming, they use their feet to lift and and then throw their bodies forward. Conchs also are good climbers. The average home range of a queen conch varies from a third of an acre to nearly 15 acres. They move within their range at the greatest speed in the summer during their reproductive season, when males search for mates and females look for egg-laying habitats. They are social creatures and reproduce best in aggregations. Reproduction and Offspring Queen conchs reproduce sexually and can spawn year-round, depending on latitude and water temperature- in some locations, females migrate from offshore feeding areas in the winter to summer spawning grounds. Females can store fertilized eggs for weeks and multiple males can fertilize any single egg mass during that time. The eggs are laid in shallow coastal waters with sandy substrates. Up to 10 million eggs can be laid by a single individual each spawning season, depending on the availability of food.  Ã‚   Eggs hatch after four days and the planktonic larvae (known as veligers) drift with the current for between 14 to 60 days. After reaching lengths of about a half-inch, they sink to the sea bottom and hide. There they morph into juvenile forms and grow to about a 4-inch length. Finally, they move into nearby seagrass beds, where they aggregate in masses and stay until sexually mature. That happens at about 3.5 years of age when they reach their maximum adult length and their outer lips are at least 0.3–0.4 inches thick. After the queen conch reaches maturity, the shell stops growing in length but continues to grow in breadth and its outer lip begins to expand. The animal itself also stops growing, except for its sexual organs which continue to grow in size. The lifespan of a queen conch is approximately 30 years. Conservation Status The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has not as yet evaluated conchs for their status. But conchs are edible, and in many cases, have been overharvested for meat and also for souvenir shells. In the 1990s, queen conchs were listed in Appendix II under the  Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) agreement, regulating international trade. Queen conchs are also harvested for their meat in other areas of the Caribbean where they are not yet endangered. Much of this meat is sold to the United States. Live conchs are also sold for use in aquariums. Sources Boman, Erik Maitz, et al. Variability in Size at Maturity and Reproductive Season of Queen Conch Lobatus Gigas (Gastropoda: Strombidae) in the Wider Caribbean Region. Fisheries Research 201 (2018): 18–25. Print.Final Status Report: Queen Conch Biological Assessment. Peer Review Plans, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency (NOAA), 2014.Kough, A. S., et al. Efficacy of an Established Marine Protected Area at Sustaining a Queen Conch Lobatus Gigas Population During Three Decades of Monitoring. Marine Ecology Progress Series 573 (2017): 177–89. Print.Stoner, Allan W., et al. Maturation and Age in Queen Conch (Strombus Gigas): Urgent Need for Changes in Harvest Criteria. Fisheries Research 131-133 (2012): 76–84. Print.Tiley, Katie, Mark A. Freeman, and Michelle M. Dennis. Pathology and Reproductive Health of Queen Conch (Lobatus Gigas) in St. Kitts. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 155 (2018): 32–37. Print.

How we can use writing by Charles Dickens to enhance our understanding Essay

How we can use writing by Charles Dickens to enhance our understanding of selected aspects of the historical geography of Victorian London - Essay Example Most of Dickens’s work is set in or around London, though there are other works that have been construed in settings that are more industrial. Reflections from Dickens’s work can be utilised in order to paint a geographical picture of London from the Victorian era. This technique of geographical survey has been on the rise and has produced unique observations that would have been otherwise secluded from public view. This paper will attempt to analyse the various views and descriptions presented by Dickens’s through his works as per the residential segregation in the city of London. The various facets of urban and social life expressed in the divisions of residential neighbourhoods will allow the creation of a reasonable picture as per Victorian London’s geography. This paper will emphasize on a number of works by Dickens’s including Oliver Twist (1838), Dombey and Son (1846 – 48) Bleak House (1852 / 53), Little Dorrit (1855 / 56) and Great Ex pectations (1860 / 61) but not Hard Times (1854) because the latter is based on an industrial setting that resembled Liverpool or Manchester more closely than it resembled London. Furthermore, the first three novels provide a continuous picture of London’s public geography under evolution. ... The rapid pace of industrialisation bolstered the economy on one hand and left millions in misery on the other hand. This image of misery has been a hallmark of Victorian literature and the ensuing geographical inferences gathered from it. Generally when Victorian literature or geography is thought about, it is presumed that industrial establishments with narrow crooked streets, two to three storied cramped living quarters, a lack of sanitation and open public places is being talked about. This generalisation is imposed on all Victorian metropolises from the era whether one talks about London, Manchester, Liverpool, Glasgow or other cities. However, this image of London is far from reality from the era as per the works of Dickens’s as well as according to geographical descriptions from the era (Banks, 1967) (Dyos & Wolff, 1973). In contrast to the images of long factory chimneys, London was not an industrial establishment at all. Instead, London was based on finance capitalism rather than industrial capitalism. The city and its geographical life were dominated by the â€Å"world of lawyers, bankers, brokers, merchants, clerks and governmental institutions† (Woudenberg, 1996). The writings of Dickens’s also reflect this reality as most of his work concerning London is overly consumed with descriptions of locales that do not exhibit the typical industrial metropolis settings. Most of Dickens’s work being studied for this paper provides active descriptions of locales such as (Collins, 1987): the City and Westminster; the Inns of Court area; the poorer regions towards the East such as Limehouse and Whitechapel; the Southern areas such as Lambeth, Southwark, Bermondery, Deptford; the shabbier living quarters of the clerks based in Somers and Camden Towns, Islington

Body shop case study, part 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Body shop case study, part 2 - Assignment Example Brand management is the result of strategic marketing. From pricing a product to pensioning that product in the targeted consumer mind are parts of strategic brand management. Customers’ feedback will be interpreted and analyzed in this paper with based on academic concept of brand management. A mind will be developed of Body Shop with respect to the feedback of the comments of interviewee customers about their experience on the products of Body Shop. Competitive analysis is another important area of brand management. Therefore, position of Body Shop brand in the customers’ mind will be evaluated by comparing the competitors positioning. Possibility and viability of brand extension will be analyzed based on the gap of customers’ satisfaction regarding the company’s products and their satisfaction. Finally, marketing momentum of this brand will be analyzed in Australian market of beauty products. Table of Contents Introduction 4 Data collection and analysis 5 Findings 6 Mind map analysis 8 Competitive market position 9 Brand extension 10 Marketing momentum in Australia 11 Conclusion 12 Reference 13 Introduction Body Shop is an international beauty products brand. Name of the company is The Body Shop International plc which is a US based multinational company established in 1976. The company has successfully grown from its first shop in Brington, England to 2400 stores in 61 countries. Effective brand management is one of the key reasons of its success. Both the market diversification along with product development strategies have been adopted by the company result a rapid growth in the European market and after that successful business in the international market. Recently, the company has been acquired by L’Oreal group and it has become a subsidiary of L’Oreal. The company sells more than 1200 products in domestic as well different foreign market across the world. There are different strategies and factors behind this s uccessful creation of international brand. The company has been ethically following its core business values which cumulatively influenced its brand image. One of the important values of the company related to its brand management is that the company is dedicated to manufacture its wide range of products from the natural resources and least usage of chemicals. This is one o9f the key strength of the company which has become its competency over years. Customer acceptance and trust on the product of this company is positive result of brand management (The Body Shop, 2012). This study will deal with detailed analysis of some customers’ feedback about the products offered by the company. This will help to assess the position of the brand in competitive global market of beauty products. Customers’ buyers’ power is very high due to higher availability of beauty products in many domestic as well as international brands. So, brand extension is most important for this bu siness that all companies keep continuous focus. Therefore, interviewing the customers will help to find out the requirement of brand extension of this company. Finally, recommendation for effective strategic brand management for its marketing momentum in Australian market will be provided based on the analysis and the demand and trend of customers’ preference about beauty products. Data collection and analysis There are different modes and processes of data collection i.e. collection of customers valuable feedback regarding products